Nés dans la tourmente sécuritaire, les brigadiers se sont imposés comme des remparts populaires face à l’avancée des gangs. De Canapé-Vert à Léogâne, en passant par Delmas ou Mirebalais, ces groupes de vigilance ont permis de protéger des quartiers, de contenir des assauts et de maintenir l’espoir d’une résistance citoyenne. Leur rôle a souvent suppléé a l’absence de l’État, mais il est aujourd’hui questionné. Que deviendront-ils lorsque le pays retrouvera ses institutions et une stabilité sécuritaire ? Faut-il envisager leur intégration dans les forces de l’ordre, un accompagnement vers la réinsertion civile, ou craindre une dérive en milices incontrôlées ?
En effet, les brigadiers trouvent leur origine dans le mouvement Bwa Kale, déclenché au printemps 2023. Dans un pays livré aux assauts des gangs et à l’impuissance de l’État, des habitants, notamment des jeunes, ont pris les armes pour protéger leurs communautés. Canapé-Vert est rapidement devenu le symbole de cette résistance, avec sa brigade de vigilance dirigée par des figures locales, dont un policier surnommé Samuel. De là, le modèle s’est étendu à Debussy, Pacot, Delmas, Mirebalais, Léogâne, entre autres. Autant de quartiers où des citoyens organisés ont dressé des barricades, mis en place des patrouilles et, parfois, affronté directement les assaillants.
Dans ces zones non assiégées, les brigadiers ont rempli trois missions principales. D’abord, une fonction protectrice, en érigeant des lignes de défense pour empêcher l’entrée des gangs. Ensuite, une fonction mobilisatrice, en rassemblant les habitants autour d’une lutte commune. Enfin, une fonction dissuasive, certains affrontements ayant permis de stopper l’avancée des bandits, au prix de pertes humaines dans leurs rangs. Ces actions sont saluées par la population, qui a vu dans ces brigades l’incarnation d’un courage collectif, là où les institutions étatiques faisaient défaut.
Les zones d’ombre et les risques d’excès
Cette riposte populaire a cependant soulevé de sérieuses inquiétudes. Les brigadiers ont été accusés d’exécutions sommaires, parfois en public, dans la logique radicale du Bwa Kale. Leur légitimité est aussi questionnée : à qui rendent-ils des comptes ? Peuvent-ils devenir, demain, un pouvoir parallèle ?
Ces interrogations montrent que si la résistance citoyenne a permis de freiner les gangs, elle ne peut se substituer durablement à un appareil sécuritaire formel.
Et après, qu’adviendra-t-il de ces brigadiers ?
Certains plaident pour leur intégration dans les forces de l’ordre, notamment au sein des Forces Armées d’Haïti (FAd’H), à condition qu’ils bénéficient de la formation et de l’encadrement appropriés. D’autres prônent leur dissolution, mais de manière progressive. Selon eux, les brigadiers devront rendre les armes dès que l’État reprendra pleinement sa place, avec un accompagnement civil pour éviter frustrations et dérives.
Si les deux premiers scénarios restent mesurés, le dernier est plus sombre. Des observateurs évoquent en effet le risque d’une transformation en milices incontrôlées, susceptibles d’être récupérées par des acteurs politiques ou criminels.
Pour l’instant, aucune stratégie officielle n’a été annoncée quant à l’avenir de ces brigadiers. Leur rôle durant la crise, toutefois, ne peut être effacé. Ils incarnent à la fois la détresse d’une population abandonnée et sa capacité de résistance. Pour beaucoup, ils représentent un héritage de la lutte contre le chaos.
Tout dépendra désormais de la capacité de l’État à leur offrir une voie claire, entre reconnaissance et réinsertion. Dans son rapport intitulé « Bwa Kale : deuxième bilan et urgente obligation de protéger », publié le 3 juillet 2023, le Centre d’Analyse et de Recherche en Droits de l’Homme (CARDH) a mis en garde contre l’absence de stratégie face aux brigades citoyennes, qui risquent, selon lui, de créer une nouvelle catégorie de groupes armés.
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