Sous une pluie fine à Delmas 41, l’eau s’infiltre par les trous des bâches, se mélange à la boue et aux ordures, puis s’accumule en flaques tièdes. C’est dans cet environnement que près de 1,3 million d’Haïtiens tentent de survivre, entassés dans des camps improvisés, selon l’Organisation Internationale pour les Migrations (OIM). Expulsés de leurs maisons par la violence armée, ils vivent sans eau potable, ni latrines adéquates, ni soins réguliers, un terrain idéal pour la catastrophe sanitaire.
Avec la saison des pluies, la menace d’épidémies s’est intensifiée. Le choléra, spectre familier, plane au-dessus de ces abris précaires. «Un seul cas non isolé peut suffire à tout faire basculer», prévient le Dr François Willy Starco, spécialiste en santé publique.
Des écoles transformées en bidonvilles ou réservoir de maladies
À l’École nationale République de l’Équateur, située à Delmas 41, les pupitres ont cédé la place à des tentes faites de draps et de morceaux de plastique. Les odeurs de nourriture avariée se mêlent à celles des latrines improvisées. Les enfants jouent pieds nus dans l’eau stagnante, sous un nuage constant de mouches.
Marie-Lourdes, 29 ans, venue de Solino, boit l’eau de pluie filtrée à travers un vieux tissu. «Mes deux plus jeunes ont toujours la diarrhée, mais je n’ai pas d’argent pour acheter de l’eau», confie-t-elle, tenant sur ses genoux un enfant à la peau couverte de boutons.
Photo : Guerinault Louis
Un peu plus loin, à Delmas 33, sur le terrain du Ministère des Travaux Publics, Joseph, 54 ans, vit sous une tente éventrée. «La nuit, on entend les coups de feu au loin. Le jour, on lutte contre la faim et les moustiques. C’est une vie sans issue», lâche-t-il, le regard vide. Autour de lui, des enfants se disputent un morceau de pain rassis.
Des chiffres qui donnent mal au cœur
Dans dix camps évalués à Port-au-Prince et à Léogâne, l’organisation MEDIC Haïti rapporte que 98% des déplacés souffrent de gale, 85% des enfants de moins de six ans ont la diarrhée et huit sur dix présentent une malnutrition aiguë ou modérée. «Les infections respiratoires, les maladies sexuellement transmissibles et les grossesses précoces se multiplient», poursuit le rapport de l’organisation
Chez les plus âgés, les maladies chroniques, hypertension, diabète restent sans traitement, faute de médicaments. «Ces patients arrivent souvent dans un état critique», avertit le Dr Herode Varin, qui réclame «une intervention urgente, massive et coordonnée».
L’État absent, l’aide fragmentée, les organisations humanitaires sont débordées
Pendant que l’insécurité monopolise les discours officiels, aucun plan clair de relogement n’existe. Les ONG présentes dénoncent un manque de coordination et de ressources. Dans les allées étroites des camps, le désespoir bat son plein. «On est fatigué de mendier l’aide. Ici, on survit, on n’existe pas», lâche une jeune mère, serrant son nourrisson émacié.
Photo : Guerinault Louis
Les données de l’Organisation Panaméricaine de la Santé (OPS) sont alarmantes : deux Haïtiens sur cinq ont un besoin urgent de soins médicaux, 40% des structures sanitaires sont fermées, et un tiers ne fonctionne qu’à moitié. Deux des trois grands hôpitaux de Port-au-Prince ont cessé leurs activités après des attaques armées, laissant un seul établissement majeur opérationnel : l’Hôpital Universitaire la Paix.
Le cercle vicieux de la faim et de la maladie, le gouffre sanitaire en vue
À la crise sanitaire s’ajoute une crise alimentaire touchant 5,4 millions de personnes. Les enfants paient le prix fort : 70% de ceux de moins de dix ans présentent des infections respiratoires aiguës. La malnutrition les rend plus vulnérables aux maladies hydriques. «Les parents ne savent plus comment protéger leurs enfants», constate le Dr Starco.
Photo : Guerinault Louis
Et il y a aussi les blessures invisibles. L’anxiété ronge les adultes. Les enfants, traumatisés par les tirs et les déplacements, affaiblis par la faim et les maladies n’ont plus la force de jouer «Ils dorment mal et ont peur de sortir», témoigne une éducatrice de Delmas 41.
Sans mesures immédiates, préviennent les médecins, ces camps pourraient devenir l’épicentre d’une crise sanitaire nationale. En attendant, chaque goutte de pluie, chaque rafale de vent, chaque balle perdue rappelle aux déplacés que leur santé, leur sécurité et leur dignité restent suspendues à des promesses non tenues.
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